Lesson 6: Citing Sources (Giving Credit Where Credit is Do)
A few main concepts covered:
Essential Question: Why is it important that we give credit to information creators?
Guiding Questions: What is paraphrasing? How do we avoid plagiarism? Why do we give credit?
Standards
Note: To address college readiness, several state and national standards have been selected, emphasizing related skills and concepts. However, while this lesson touches on several of these, not all of these will be assessed here.
|
Association for College and Research Libraries (ACRL). Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education. http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/ilframework
Frame(s): Authority Is Constructed and Contextual; Information Creation as a Process; Information Has Value; Research as Inquiry; Scholarship as Conversation; Searching as Strategic Exploration
Knowledge Practices: acknowledge they are developing their own authoritative voices in a particular area and recognize the responsibilities this entails, including seeking accuracy and reliability, respecting intellectual property, and participating in communities of practice; give credit to the original ideas of others through proper attribution and citation; organize information in meaningful ways; synthesize ideas gathered from multiple sources; cite the contributing work of others in their own information production; contribute to scholarly conversation at an appropriate level, such as local online community, guided discussion; manage searching processes and results effectively Dispositions: use frequent self-evaluation/develop awareness of the importance of assessing content with a skeptical stance and with a self-awareness of their own biases and worldview; see themselves as contributors to the information marketplace rather than only consumers of it; maintain an open mind and a critical stance; value persistence, adaptability, and flexibility and recognize that ambiguity can benefit the research process; seek multiple perspectives during information gathering and assessment; seek appropriate help when needed; follow ethical and legal guidelines in gathering and using information; recognize they are often entering into an ongoing scholarly conversation and not a finished conversation; suspend judgment on the value of a particular piece of scholarship until the larger context for the scholarly conversation is better understood; understand the responsibility that comes with entering the conversation through participatory channels; value user-generated content and evaluate contributions made by others; persist in the face of search challenges, and know when they have enough information to complete the information task. Etc. |
|
American Association for School Librarians (AASL). National School Library Standards for Learners, School Librarians, and School Libraries (AASL Standards) https://standards.aasl.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/180206-AASL-framework-for-learners-2.pdf Domain(s): Think, Create, Share, and Grow Shared Foundation(s): Inquire, Include, Collaborate, Curate, Explore, Engage Think (3. Making critical choices about information sources to use.); Create (3. Systematically questioning and assessing the validity and accuracy of information.); Share (2. Involving diverse perspectives in their own inquiry processes.); Grow (1. Performing ongoing analysis of and reflection on the quality, usefulness, and accuracy of curated resources). Etc. |
|
International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE). Standards for Students and Educators https://www.iste.org/standards/for-students ISTE for Students: Global Collaborator. Students: 7a. use digital tools to connect with learners from a variety of backgrounds and cultures, engaging with them in ways that broaden mutual understanding and learning; 7b. use collaborative technologies to work with others, including peers, experts or community members, to examine issues and problems from multiple viewpoints; 7c.contribute constructively to project teams, assuming various roles and responsibilities to work effectively toward a common goal. ISTE for Students: Creative Communicator. Students: 6a. choose the appropriate platforms and tools for meeting the desired objectives of their creation or communication; 6b. create original works or responsibly repurpose or remix digital resources into new creations; 6c. communicate complex ideas clearly and effectively by creating or using a variety of digital objects such as visualizations, models or simulations; 6d. publish or present content that customizes the message and medium for their intended audiences. |
|
Texas School Library Standards Strand 2: Inquiry/ Students: use an inquiry-based learning model that requires students to pursue, create, and share knowledge
Strand 4: Digital Learning. 4.6.0 The library encourages students to use digital intellectual property responsibly, understand current copyright rules, make responsible online decisions, understand the significance of a digital identity, and use positive digital citizenship practices. 4.6.1 90% of students are taught to: • Maintain a reputable digital identity • Model effective use of the tenets of digital citizenship • Use digital intellectual property responsibly Strand 5: Safe and Nurturing Environment 5.4.1 Library program activities: Allow students to practice digital literacy skills; Connect students with information and each other; • Use print and digital resources to personalize learning for students |
|
Lesson Objectives/What am I learning? The information literate student…
Learning Outcomes/Why did I learn this? [Demonstration of Learning]
|
Part I- Engagement: Question Prompts and Class Discussion
Opening question: Why do we need to cite our sources?
Review (The Plagiarism Game)
Instructions: take a study break by playing the Plagiarism Game: Goblin Threat (https://www.lycoming.edu/library/plagiarism-game/)(created by the Lycoming College, Snowden Library, Williamsport, PA).
What can you tell about plagiarism?
Teaching Strategy/Instructional Procedure: Question Prompts
Student’s Learning Strategy/ Procedure: Brainstorming / Discussion
Instructions: Think about these questions and discuss them with your classmates. The class will then try to reach consensus when trying to define these.
What is an author? Have you ever authored anything?
When should you acknowledge someone for something they produced?
Possible answers: when quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing, using facts, info, ideas, theories, research, or data found in a particular document.
When would it not be necessary to acknowledge someone else’s work? Does that include yourself?
Possible answers: generally-known facts
What are some forms of plagiarism?
Word for word (verbatim)
Cutting & pasting
Paraphrasing/ Excessive repetition (poor paraphrasing of another’s words)
Help/collaboration (collusion)/ Forgery (turning in another person’s work as your own)
Omission (inaccurate citation)/ Improper citation (failure to cite properly)
Self-plagiarism
Improper Idea borrowing (failure to cite another’s ideas)
Fraud (creation of false sources)
Part II- What Kind of Plagiarism Is It?
Instructions: Use the In-class Assignments tab/Plagiarism Exercises tab to see plagiarism type examples. Use the bullet points below to figure out what type of plagiarism it is.
What type of plagiarism is it, and why?
Example #1:
|
“And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man,” -John F. Kennedy Reference: John F. Kennedy Quotations. (2016). John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. [Web page]. Retrieved from: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations/Inaugural-Address.aspx |
Kennedy is famous for telling Americans to do something for their country rather than ask that their country do things for them. In other words, Americans should not expect that the government do things for them. The government doesn’t create the people, the people create the government. Kennedy also said that people around the world should not expect America to do things for them, but instead work together to create freedom. In other words, don’t expect America to create freedom on her own. It takes collaboration from many countries to create freedom. -Mr. Morales |
What type of plagiarism is it? : ______________________________________________________
Example #2:
|
“And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man,” John F. Kennedy Reference: John F. Kennedy Quotations. (2016). John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. [Web page]. Retrieved from: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotations/Inaugural-Address.aspx |
“One of the Presidents made a memorable comment about “Don’t ask the nanny state to help you,”…”
-Mr. Morales |
What type of plagiarism is it? : ______________________________________________________
Example #3:
|
E = mc2 - Albert Einstein |
E = mc2 -Mr. Morales
|
What type of plagiarism is it? : ______________________________________________________
Example #4:
|
“Do infinite parallel universes mean that anything is possible -- that there are planets out there with dragons, superheroes, or flying cars? If space is infinite and uniform, meaning it's full of stuff and not just an empty vacuum, then anything that can happen, will happen. No matter how unlikely it is that humans are going to evolve here, we know that the chance isn't zero, because it happened once. But we don't know the chances for dragons and superheroes. If something's against the laws of physics, then it wouldn't happen anywhere,” Reference:
Hulick, K. (2011). Prallel universes: Where (almost) anything is possible!. Odyssey, 20(3), 10. |
“If parallel universes exist, there’s a possibility that mythical creatures, such as unicorns, and Superman can and will exist. Unless, of course, it’s against the laws of physics,”
-Mr. Morales |
What type of plagiarism is it? : ______________________________________________________
Example #5:
|
“Is there a copy of you reading this article? A person who is not you but who lives on a planet called Earth, with misty mountains, fertile fields and sprawling cities, in a solar system with eight other planets? The life of this person has been identical to yours in every respect. But perhaps he or she now decides to put down this article without finishing it, while you read on,” Reference: Tegmark, M. (n.d). Parallel Universes. Scientific American, 288(5), 41. |
“Is there a copy of you reading this article? A person who is not you but who lives on a planet called Earth, with misty mountains, fertile fields and sprawling cities, in a solar system with eight other planets? The life of this person has been identical to yours in every respect. But perhaps he or she now decides to put down this article without finishing it, while you read on,”
-Mr. Morales
|
What type of plagiarism is it? : ______________________________________________________
Part III. Paraphrasing
a. Instructions: Using Brainy Quote .Com, or other website, find a favorite quote online and re-write it “in your own words.” Then write a sentence to describe what it means to you. Share this with a partner.
b. Instructions: using the chart below, generate answers to fill out the elements of each section.
|
Question |
Quoting |
Paraphrasing |
Avoiding Plagiarism |
|
How can you successfully quote, paraphrase, and avoid plagiarism? |
|
|
|
Activity III
Teaching Strategy/Instructional Procedure: real-world examples are presented
Student’s Learning Strategy/ Procedure: think/pair/share
Instructions: Divide into teams. Use the class library guide in-class assignment tab to view sources. Work with your partner(s) to identify the following:
Examples:
The Case of the Miraculously Prolific Joke-telling Minister.
D'addario, D. June 5, 2013. How one Twitter user got famous by allegedly stealing comedians' tweets. Salon. https://www.salon.com/test/2013/06/05/how_one_twitter_user_got_famous_by_allegedly_stealing_comedians_tweets/
Quote: "Sammy Rhodes, of the University of South Carolina, has gotten to 130,000 followers on Twitter by ripping off comedians' tweets,"
The Mysterious Case of the Reporter Who Made the News.
Associated Press. May 14, 2003. Foxnews.com. Times Editors Apologize to Staff for Jayson Blair Case.
https://www.foxnews.com/story/times-editors-apologize-to-staff-for-jayson-blair-case
Quote: The New York Times "found that Jayson Blair "committed frequent acts of [what could it be???]" in stories from October through April."
The Not-so-Singular Case of the Suddenly-Stranded-Abroad Student.
LaConte, N. Aug 14, 2008. The Post. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ohio-u-student-left-in-greece-after-alleged-plagiarism/
Quote: "An Ohio University student was left to find her own way home from Greece after being found guilty of plagiarism on a study abroad program at sea."
The Case of the Phantom Quotes.
Moynihan, M. July 30, 2012. Jonah Lehrer’s Deceptions. Tablet. https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/jonah-lehrers-deceptions
Quotes: "“It’s a hard thing to describe,” Bob Dylan once mused about the creative process. “It’s just this sense that you got something to say.” ... "The problem, though, is that there is no proof that Dylan ever said this."
The Case of the Girl with the Perfectly Prolific Photographic Memory (or is it?).
How Opal Mehta Lost a Book Deal.
http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1868982_1868981_1868955,00.html
Quotes: "Even at an institution like Harvard it isn't typical for a sophomore [Kaavya Viswanathan] to land a $500,000 two-book contract with Little, Brown and a movie deal with Dreamworks." ... "Viswanathan released a statement citing her "photographic memory" as the problem."
The Case of the Plagiarist Professor vs. the "Lie-detecting" Program.
McCabe, F. December 2, 2014. UNLV fires professor accused of ‘serial plagiarism.’
https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/education/unlv-fires-professor-accused-of-serial-plagiarism/
Quotes: "UNLV English professor Mustapha Marrouchi was fired last month after a university review found he plagiarized the works of 18 people." ... a university investigation "used plagiarism detection software from the website TurnItIn.com to find similarities with other works."
Question Prompts:
1) What is the issue?
2) What type of plagiarism is it? (If there's more than one type, mention it)
3) What was the result/consequence of aid plagiarism?
4) How would you have resolved or avoided the issue?
5) Do you agree with the verdict/consequence? Why or why not?
- by Adrian M. Spring, 2020
